Total lung capacity is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold after a full inhalation, combining vital capacity with whatever air remains after a full exhale.
Everything the lungs can hold: the usable vital capacity plus the residual volume that always stays behind.
A restrictive pattern — seen in pulmonary fibrosis or significant chest-wall or neuromuscular disease that limits how much the lungs can expand.
Roughly 6 L in an average adult male, scaled by height and sex. It's the sum of everything the lungs can hold after a full inhalation.
Because it includes residual volume (which can't be exhaled), TLC needs body plethysmography, helium dilution, or nitrogen washout — simple spirometry can't measure it.
Yes — hyperinflation in emphysema raises TLC and especially residual volume, the opposite of the restrictive pattern.